Safety and efficacy of ketamine xylazine along with atropine anesthesia in BALB/c mice

Anesthetics are an indispensable prerequisite for surgical intervention and pharmacological animal studies. The objective of present study was to optimize the dose of ketamine (K) and xylazine (X) along with atropine sulfate (A) in order to achieve surgical tolerance in BALB/c mice. Several doses of ketamine (100, 150, 200 mg/kg) and xylazine (10, 15, 20 mg/kg) were mixed and combination of nine doses (K/X: 100/10, 100/15, 100/20, 150/10, 150/15, 150/20, 200/10,200/15,200/20) were evaluated (n=9 per combination). A constant dose of atropine (0.05 mg/kg) was also used to counter side effect. Time-related parameters were evaluated on the basis of reflexes. KX at dose 200/20 mg/kg produced surgical tolerance in all nine mice with duration 55.00±6.87 minutes. The induction time 0.97±0.09 minutes, sleeping time 90.67±5.81 minutes and immobilization time (102.23±6.83 minutes) were significantly higher than all combination. However, this combination was considered unsafe due to 11 % mortality. While, KX at dose 200/15 mg/kg results in none of the mortality, so was considered as safe. Moreover, this combination produces surgical tolerance in 89 % mice with duration (30.00±7.45 minutes). It was concluded that KX at dose 200/15 mg/kg along with atropine 0.05 mg/kg is safe for performing surgical interventions in BALB/c mice.

Effects of pulmonary function training on the lung function and surgical tolerance of lung cancer patients with obstructive ventilatory defects / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To study the effects of pulmonary function training on the lung function and surgical tolerance of lung cancer patients with different degrees of obstructive ventilatory defect.Methods Pulnonary function training was performed with 103 lung cancer patients with obstructive ventilatory defects (26 mild cases,53 moderate cases,24 severe cases).The duration of the intensive training was 5-7 days.Vital capacity (VC),vital capacity percentage (VC％),forced vital capacity (FVC),forced vital capacity percentage (FVC％),forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1),percentage of the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1％),maximum voluntary ventilation percentage (MVV％),peak expiratory flow percentage (PEF％),fraction of the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1/FVC),and maximum mid-expiratory flow percentage (MMEF％) were measured before and after the training.Any postoperative complications were recorded.Results The average MMEF％ improved significantly among the moderate patients after their training.Eventually 19/26 patients (73.08％) in the mild group,34/53 patients (64.15％) in the moderate group,and 8/24 patients (33.33％) in the severe group met the requirements to undergo lung operations.These were significant differences among the groups.Among those operated on,27 (44.26％) suffered from postoperative complications,a significantly higher percentage than among the normal controls (20.00％).Conclusion Lung function exercises can improve the operation tolerance of lung cancer patients with obstructive ventilation dysfunction,but the risk of operating is still much higher than for patients with normal ventilation function.